Dental model articulator

ABSTRACT

A dental model articulator includes two hinge-jointed arms, each arm having segments connected at a hinge joint having mating elements, one integral to each segment of an arm. One element includes two cymbals that are coaxial on a major hinge axis and concave facing which resiliently capture between them a node of the mating element on the other segment which has the form of opposed, outwardly facing convexities. Multiaxial motion between the segments of each arm is accommodated by the rotation of the convexities of the node within detents at the apices of the cymbals. The extremities of each arm terminate in cylindrical rod-like elements that are parallel to the major hinge axis. The rods engage with transverse, cylindrical channels either cut-in, molded-in or affixed to the models. With the models positioned in centric occlusal relationship and the arms adjacently positioned and engaged, the four rods are adhesively fixed in the channels. Once fixed, the two hinge joints together define a single hinge axis posterior and interjacent to the models. Further, each hinge joint can allow the node elements to release from the axis detents and slide between the cymbals to permit protrusive and lateral masticatory motions between the dental models.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/024,297 filed Aug. 22, 1996, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the fabrication of dental prosthetics, such as false teeth or caps, a negative impression is made of the teeth of a dental patient using a thermoplastic material. The negative impression is then filled with a hardenable material to form a die. The die is affixed to a base formed of similar hardenable material to form a dental model. A dental model articulator is used to correlate upper and lower dental models in the forming and adjustment of the dental prosthesis.

The appeal of using a one-use or dispensable articulator is one primarily of time. A reusable articulator needs to be mounted to the models of the teeth with dental plaster, which requires considerable time in the processes of mixing, placing, curing, clean-up and then the subsequent removal of the hardened plaster from the models and articulator after completion of the prosthesis so as to allow re-use of the articulator. Dispensable articulators can save the time involved with these steps and have the added advantages of allowing the completed work to be returned to the dentist still articulated to allow verification of the mounting and to increase the presentation value of the case. Typically, a one-use articulator is secured to the dental models using an adhesive, thereby eliminating the use of plaster. To allow this, the articulator must provide a mechanism to adapt glueable members to angular differences of surfaces on the models. Such a mechanism is not needed as part of a reusable articulator because its members are allowed a large range of angular and positional differences within the masses of plaster that are used to affix the articulator to the models.

Multiaxial adaptation is a primary consideration in designing a successful one-use articulator. One approach is to use an adaptive pivot mechanism that allows multiaxial adjustment between a hinge and one or both models. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,382,787, 4,865,544 and 5,425,636 disclose articulator designs that adapt to the models using ball and socket joints which are then immobilized with adhesive or friction. This approach forces a tradeoff, in that the joints must be kept small in order to provide the required amount of angular adjustment which in turn reduces the surface area of the joints, thereby limiting reliable immobilization.

Another approach of adaptation is to use an extensible member or members and allow adjustment of these in conjunction with a hinge joint axis to provide accommodation of these glueable surfaces to the differences of the orthogonal axes that share each of the top and bottom surfaces of the models. Accommodation of the remaining axes of difference orthogonal to these surfaces is accommodated simply by allowing a range of angular adjustment about these axes when gluing to these surfaces. Examples of this type are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,046,949 and 5,221,203. A drawback to this approach is that the articulators are typically more complex in design and are larger in size and material requirements, as they have to provide structure both above and below the models which makes this type more expensive to produce than the previous examples which can be affixed to the posterior surfaces of the models. A primary shortcoming found in all of these and all prior art one-use articulators observed and researched is the inability to properly allow for lateral and protrusive translatory motions between the articulated models.

An early dental related patent, U.S. Pat. No. 1743, dated Aug. 28, 1840, describes a dental articulator that has provision for "action similar to that of the living subject" which is accomplished by using a sliding point of axis in the articulating joints to allow for these "live" translatory motions. Since then, many types and forms of dental articulators have been patented and manufactured ranging from extremely complex and expensive devices, to the more recent trend of using disposable or dispensable one-use articulators. U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,311 describes a very simple design connecting the models with a single resilient rod. This resilience allows translational motions, but this design lacks true hinging action. The previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,046,949 has a conventional hinge, but has no inherent provision for allowing translatory motions.

An articulator in wide use today is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,930, which is a continuation-in-part to the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,787, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,581 which discloses the same articulator. The articulators disclosed in the '930 and '581 patents attempt to allow functional translatory motions by having the technician flex bracket members connecting the models to the hinge. However, this flexing requires considerable force which inhibits the feel of the natural motion paths. Also, the forces of this flexing exacerbate the aforementioned weakness of the adaptive ball and socket pivot mechanism. Because this one adaptive element allows motions on any axis before immobilization and has to withstand the flexing forces of both hinge arms after immobilization, the adhesive required to immobilize these motions is very critical, since it must lock all of the axial forces and also fix the socket half of the pivot mechanism to the model. This requires that the adhesive used in the joints be of high quality and that its application be technique sensitive. If misapplied or if the glue is old or too high in viscosity, then failure of the adhesive within the ball and socket joint or between the model and socket becomes likely.

In U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,930 the socket half of the adaptive joint is incorporated into the model base which simplifies the design. However, molding the socket into the base is not practical since it would eliminate the ability to laterally align the sockets to set the hinge axis sagittally perpendicular. To make this design approach practical, the socket needs to be a separate piece to allow it a range of lateral placement on the model which requires another glue joint to fix the socket to the model base. A further improvement on this same design by the same inventor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,033. This improvement specifically addresses translatory motion by making the hinge brackets more flexible but even with this enhancement the articulator fails to allow true sliding motions between the models, since there is still strictly a single axis rotational motion allowed by the hinge joints.

Translational motions are an extremely important function to be provided by an articulator in the task of fabricating dental prosthetics. The technician must be able to freely check all of the possible lateral and protrusive motions that the patient uses in mastication. If the technician is impeded in doing this, then invariably the prosthesis will need adjustment by the dentist during placement in the mouth (or perhaps even remanufacture) which results in considerable aggravation for the patient and dentist. None of the prior art one-use articulators have been found to be both simple of design (to allow inexpensive manufacture and thus dispensability) and permissive of true translatory motions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to dental model articulators as used in the fabrication of dental prosthetics to provide and allow respective movements between an upper and lower set of dental models representing the natural dentition of the patient. More particularly, this invention relates to one-use articulators.

An object of the present invention is to provide an articulator that does not inhibit the replication of true masticatory motions between articulated dental models.

Another object of the present invention is to provide an articulator that is very simple and hence inexpensive to produce.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an articulator that is not technique sensitive in its implementation.

Yet still another object of the present invention is to provide an articulator that requires a minimal amount of material to produce but still achieves a strong broad connection to the models.

Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide an articulator that does not require locking more than one axis of an adaptive pivot mechanism.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide a design that provides fewer and stronger adhesive connections to the models.

Another object of the present invention is to allow articulation of models with a large variation of dimensional differences.

The present invention is directed to a dispensable articulator for the production of dental prosthetics that provides an accurate relative positioning of a corresponding pair of dental model casts. In the discussion of prior art one-use articulators it was pointed out that multiaxial adaptation is a key feature in the design of this type of articulator. The essence of the present invention is to combine this multiaxial motion into hinge joints and to provide pivot mechanisms connecting the articulator to the models that require only one axis of adjustment and subsequent fixation. Eliminating the need to lock or fuse multiaxial motions in adaptive pivot mechanisms is a primary advantage of the present invention.

Aside from the obvious and inherent strength of these adaptive joints needing only a single axis of adjustment, their lineal nature also allows the adjacent halves of these mechanisms for each model to be laterally combined, incorporated into and made to span the width of the model thus allowing a wide range of lateral positional placement for the mating elements without requiring the additional glue interfaces that would be manifest if these were separate components.

Accordingly, a preferred embodiment of a dental model articulator for connecting upper and lower dental models includes an arm having first and second arm segments and an intermediate hinge joint for joining the first and second arm segments to provide hinging motion about a hinge axis. The first and second segments each terminates at a distal end in an arm connection element that is pivotally engageable with a model connector of one of the upper and lower dental models. Each arm connection element is pivotable about a single pivot axis. The hinge joint comprises a node and a pair of cymbals having opposing undersurfaces which include detents for receiving the node therebetween. The node is attached to one of the first and second arm segments at a proximal end of the respective arm segment. The pair of cymbals is attached to the other of the first and second arm segments at a proximal end.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

FIGS. 1 to 3 show perspective posterior, side and rear views, respectively, of a first embodiment of an articulator of the present invention having two articulator arms mounted to full arch dental models.

FIG. 4 is a rear view of one arm of the articulator of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a rear view of either the upper or lower half of both arms of the articulator of FIG. 1 interconnected.

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of one hinge joint of the articulator.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a clip for mounting to a dental model base in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a rear view of an alternate embodiment of an articulator manufactured as a single piece.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the hinge joints of the articulator of FIG. 8.

FIG. 10 is an illustration of a flexible rubber mold used to form a dental model base so as to include mating pivot mechanism elements for each arm of the articulator which are combined to form a single half-round channel traversing the posterior of the model.

FIG. 11 is a dental model base such as would be formed by the mold of FIG. 10.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Referring to FIGS. 1-4, an embodiment of an articulator 100 redintigrating a pair of full arch dental models 10 and 11 is there shown. The articulator 100 comprises a pair of arms 33, 34 that are identical in structure. It should be noted that the following description generally employs a pair of reference characters to refer to a particular element or feature of the respective arms. The arms 33, 34 each include an arm segment 33b, 34b and a pair of parallel, bifurcated arm segments 33a, 34a. The parallel arm segments 33a, 34a terminate at a distal end in cylindrical rod-like elements 35, 38 and at a proximal end in a pair of coaxial cymbals 60, 61. The arm segment 33b, 34b terminates at a distal end in cylindrical rod-like element 36, 37 and at a proximal end in node 40, 41. The node is retained between the pair of cymbals 60, 61 supported by the bifurcated arm segments 33a, 34a to form a hinge joint 20, 21.

FIG. 4 illustrates arm 33 which is identical to arm 34. A preferred assembly of articulator 100 is formed by connecting the arms 33, 34 to each other in a complementary fashion to provide a single assembly for ease of handling. Specifically, the complementary connection is formed by snap-fitting cylindrical stem 35a into cylindrical rod-like element 36 and stem 38a into element 37 to form the articulator shown in FIGS. 1-3. Referring to FIG. 5, the portion of arm 33 that includes parallel arm segments 33a is shown connected to the portion of arm 34 that includes arm segment 34b.

A model connector defining a single axis pivot mechanism is incorporated into the base of each model 10, 11 in the form of transverse half-cylinders or channels 12 and 13 which traverse the posterior of the models (FIGS. 1 and 3). The channels can be either cut into the existing models or formed when the models are cast to provide connection at a range of angles about the radial axis of the transverse channels for mating the cylindrical rod-like elements 35, 36, 37, 38 which form the complement to these pivot mechanisms. While the channels 12, 13 are shown located on the posterior of the models, it is also possible to locate the channels at the top or bottom of the respective models. In alternate embodiments, the channels can instead be formed at the distal ends of the arm segments and the cylindrical elements can be incorporated in the models to provide the single axis connexus.

The cylindrical elements 35, 36, 37, 38 have sufficient transverse axial width such that any adjustment motion of the cylindrical elements within the channels is limited to radial motion about the channel axis and transverse motion along this axis. With the dental models placed at a closed and centric occlusal (i.e., closed bite) relationship as shown in FIG. 2, the arm segments of the respective arms intersect at an angle α of between approximately 40 to 170 degrees, the angle being dependent upon the vertical distance between the models 10 and 11.

It should be noted that while it is preferable to interconnect the arms 33, 34 to form a single assembly for ease of operation as described above, it is also possible to keep the arms 33, 34 unconnected for individual attachment to the dental models. This alternate configuration allows the arms 33, 34 to be separated laterally to provide a closer approximation to the positioning of the temporomandibular joints of the patient. The attachments of such unconnected arms can be made to the same channels 12, 13 or to separate channels on the models that need not be parallel nor coaxial.

The multiaxial motion provided by the articulator of the present invention will now be described. Referring again to FIG. 5, node 40, 41 includes two opposed outwardly facing convex portions 40a, 41a. Referring to FIG. 6, a partial cross-section of one joint 20 of the articulator is shown. The cymbals 60, 61 are concave and toroidal in shape. When the node 40, 41 is engaged with the cymbals 60, 61, the convex portions 40a, 41a of each node 40, 41 are held in depressions or detents 60a, 61a at the center of each cymbal by resilience of the material in the bifurcated arm segment 33a, 34a.

The primary rotational motion of the node between the parallel arm segments is radial to an axis B that is shared coaxially by the cymbals. Because node 40, 41 and its connected arm segment 33b, 34b has no fixed axis when captured between the cymbals 60, 61, hinging motion between the arm segment 33b, 34b and parallel arm segments 33a, 34a is allowed an amount of orthogonal deviation from the axis B, that is, motion is provided about a set of orthogonal axes. This multiaxial motion of the hinge joint 20, 21 allows the cylindrical connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 at the extremities of the arms 33, 34 to align with the nonparallelism that is likely to exist between the channels 12, 13 of models 10, 11.

Multiaxial motion is only required and exhibited during alignment of the articulator 100 to the models. Once the two arms of the articulator 100 are affixed to the models, the only axial motion allowed by the articulator between the models is about a single axis A defined together by the two hinge joints 20, 21 (FIG. 1). This common transverse hinge axis A lies interjacent and posterior to the dental models 10, 11 and is approximately perpendicular to a sagittal plane of the models.

Each bifurcated arm segment 33a, 34a includes a resilient pawl or latch 50, 51 that is used to increase or decrease pressure (i.e., compression) on the node 40, 41 between the cymbals 60, 61. The pawl includes a hooked portion 50a, 51a for engagement through opening 33c, 34c in the bifurcated arm segment 33a, 34a. When the pawl is engaged, it increases the resilient pressure on the node between the cymbals to an amount that effectively limits or restrains any motion between the arm segments 33a, 33b and 34a, 34b to rotational motion about the common axis A. Releasing the pawl lessens the resilience to an amount such that protrusive and retrusive motions are permitted between the articulated models 10, 11 by allowing the cymbals to move apart, thereby permitting the convexities, of the node to slide across the surfaces 60b, 61b of the cymbals. This free sliding motion is then limited in excursion by ridges 70, 71 at the periphery of the cymbals. Note that while the multiaxial motion about the hinge joints 20, 21 is used for alignment of the articulator, the free sliding motion is used for simulation of lateral and protrusive translatory motions once the articulator has been aligned and mounted to the models.

In an alternate embodiment, the channels can be in the form of clips that are affixed externally to the models. FIG. 7 shows a clip 90 that includes a channel 92 formed therein for receiving a cylindrical element of the arm segments. A transverse projection or shelf 94 extending along the length of the clip 90 is adapted for mounting the clip to a dental model base of the type having an indexing slot. Alternatively, a clip without the shelf 94 can be mounted directly to a flat wall of a dental model base.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate an alternate embodiment of an articulator 200 that provides simple hinging motion between the models and can be manufactured as one piece. In this embodiment, model connection elements 235, 236, 237, 238 are joined with webs 72 and 73 that allow separate torsional movements of the joined elements. Hinge elements 260, 261, which are best illustrated in FIG. 9, are relieved at areas 81 and 82 to promote the primary hinging action and are relieved at areas 83 and 84 to allow orthogonal alignment of the primary hinge axis.

To use the articulator embodiments of the present invention, channels 12, 13 are cut or molded into the base of the dental models 10, 11. These channels 12, 13 are made with sufficient diameter and radial depth to receive the corresponding arm connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 of the arms 33, 34. In alternate embodiments, the channels can be made to provide a slight interference frictional fit with the arm connection elements. In the case of the first embodiment, the mating segments 33a, 33b and 34a, 34b of each arm of articulator 100 (FIG. 1) are assembled so as to form two separate hinge jointed arms. The two arms 33, 34 are then joined together at their adjacent arm connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 so that each pair of connection elements is held adjacent and coaxial. This allows the articulator 100 to be handled as one flexible unit as would be the case when handling the second embodiment 200 (FIG. 8) of the invention. The models 10, 11 are placed at the proper closed and centric occlusal relationship and held either by hand or other means known to a person skilled in the art of dental laboratory procedures. A temporary placement and alignment of the arm connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 of the articulator 100 is made into the respective channels 12, 13 on the models by adjusting the angular relationships of the arms within the hinge joints 20, 21 defined by each node/cymbal pair 40, 60 and 41, 61 respectively. The articulator 100 is fixed by introducing an adhesive within the connexus formed between the arm connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 and the model connection elements 12, 13 and allowing it to cure. Once fixed, the articulator hinge joints 20, 21 allow simulation of occlusal and masticatory motions between the models.

The articulator embodiments described herein are capable of being manufactured inexpensively. The articulators can be made of plastic such as nylon, glass-filled nylon, polycarbonate or glass-filled polycarbonate.

Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, a flexible rubber mold 300 suitable for forming a dental model base 400 for use with the articulator embodiments of the present invention is shown. The mold 300 is of flexible rubber construction and includes a cavity 310 formed by a back wall 312 and a curved side wall 314 projecting upward from a horizontal bottom portion 316. The back wall 312 includes a convex portion 318 that extends along the length of the back wall and into the cavity 310 for forming a half-round channel 410 traversing the posterior 412 of the dental model base 400. Preferably, the convex portion 318 extends horizontally along the full length of the back wall 312.

To use the mold 300 to form the dental model base, a hardenable material such as pourable dental stone or plaster is poured into the mold. After the material hardens, the dental model base 400 is removed from the mold 300 by pushing upward against the bottom portion 316 to raise the anterior 414 of the dental model base upward about the convex portion 318 until the base completely disengages from the mold. The half-round channel 410 functions as a pivot mechanism element for receiving connection elements 35, 36, 37, 38 of articulator 100 or connection elements 235, 236, 237, 238 of articulator 200 as described hereinabove.

Equivalents

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described specifically herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A dental model articulator for hingedly joining upper and lower dental models, the articulator comprising:an arm comprising first and second arm segments, each having a proximal end and a distal end, and an intermediate hinge joint for joining the proximal ends of the first and second arm segments to provide hinging motion about a hinge axis, each arm segment terminating at its distal end in an arm connection element pivotally engageable with one of the upper and lower dental models, the arm connection element being pivotable about a single pivot axis, the hinge joint further having an amount of orthogonal deviation from the hinge axis that provides multiaxial adaptive motion for aligning the arm connection elements with the respective dental models.
 2. The articulator of claim 1 wherein the hinge joint further allows the proximal ends of the first and second arms to be displaced relative to each other in a direction substantially perpendicular to the hinge axis.
 3. The articulator of claim 2 wherein the hinge joint comprises a node and a pair of cymbals having opposing undersurfaces which include detents for receiving the node therebetween, the node being attached to the proximal end of the first arm segment and the pair of cymbals being attached to the proximal end of the second arm segment.
 4. The articulator of claim 3 wherein the opposing undersurfaces of the cymbals each terminate in a peripheral ridge such that the node has a range of free excursion across the opposing undersurfaces outside of the detents and up to the peripheral ridges.
 5. The articulator of claim 1 wherein with the dental models placed at a closed and centric occlusal relationship, the first and second arm segments intersect at the hinge axis at an angle of between approximately 40 to 170 degrees.
 6. The articulator of claim 1 further comprising a second arm, the second arm comprising third and fourth arm segments, each having a proximal end and a distal end, and an intermediate hinge joint for joining the proximal ends of the third and fourth arm segments to provide hinging motion about a second hinge axis, each arm segment terminating at its distal end in an arm connection element pivotally engageable with the other of the upper and lower dental models, the arm connection element being pivotable about a single pivot axis.
 7. The articulator of claim 6 wherein the arm connection elements of the first arm are connected to the respective arm connection elements of the second arm.
 8. The articulator of claim 7 wherein the arm connection element terminating the first arm segment is connected to the arm connection element terminating the third arm segment, and the arm connection element terminating the second arm segment is connected to the arm connection element terminating the fourth arm segment.
 9. The articulator of claim 6 wherein with the dental models placed at a closed and centric occlusal relationship, the arm segments of each arm intersect at the respective hinge axis at an angle of between approximately 40 to 170 degrees.
 10. The articulator of claim 9 wherein the respective angles are defined within planes that are approximately sagittally parallel.
 11. The articulator of claim 6 wherein the hinge axes are collinear and together define a transverse hinge axis posterior to the dental models.
 12. The articulator of claim 6 wherein each model includes a model connector for receiving respective arm connection elements, the model connector comprising a transverse channel defined in the respective model and each arm connection element comprising a rod-like element.
 13. The articulator of claim 6 wherein each model includes a model connector for receiving respective arm connection elements, the model connector comprising a rod-like element defined in the respective model and each arm connection element comprising a channel.
 14. The articulator of claim 6 wherein each model includes a model connector for receiving respective arm connection elements, wherein each model connector comprises a pair of channels defined in the respective model.
 15. The articulator of claim 6 wherein the articulator is manufactured as one piece, the arm connection elements of each arm being joined with a torsionally resilient element such that the arm connection elements are coaxial and the joined arms are adjacent and parallel.
 16. The articulator of claim 1 wherein each arm connection element has sufficient transverse axial width such that any adjustment of the arm connection element is limited to radial motion about the pivot axis and transverse motion along the pivot axis.
 17. The articulator of claim 1 wherein each model includes a model connector for receiving the respective arm connection element, the model connector comprising a channel clip attachable to the model.
 18. A hinge joint for use in a dental model articulator connecting a pair of centrically occluding models, the hinge joint comprising:two convex elements for connecting to one of the articulated models and juxtaposed concentrically on a common axis, the axis being approximately sagittally perpendicular with respect to the models; two opposing concave elements for connecting to the other of the articulated models and disposed coaxially on the common axis and facing each of the convex elements, each concave element having a detent for receiving a respective convex element; and resilient compression means for restraining the convex elements in the detents to limit free action of the hinge joint.
 19. The articulator hinge joint of claim 18 wherein with the articulated models at the closed centric occlusal relationship, the resilient compression means allows the convex elements to move out of the detents to permit relative motion between the articulated models parallel to any vector in a sagittal plane and wherein the resilient compression means further allows motion perpendicular to the sagittal plane.
 20. The articulator hinge joint of claim 18 wherein each concave element has an undersurface that terminates in a peripheral ridge such that the convex elements have a range of free excursion across the opposing undersurfaces outside of the detents and up to the peripheral ridges.
 21. The articulator hinge joint of claim 18 wherein each concave element is of a toroidal shape and each detent comprises a hole in the center of the toroid.
 22. A method of articulating a matched set of upper and lower dental models to allow occlusal correlation of the models, the method comprising the steps of:providing an arm having first and second arm segments each having proximal and distal ends and an intermediate hinge joint for joining the first and second arm segments to provide hinging motion about a set of orthogonal axes, each arm segment terminating at its distal end in an arm connection element pivotally engageable with one of the upper and lower dental models about a single pivot axis; placing the models at the closed and centric occlusal relationship; engaging the arm connection elements with the respective dental models; and permanently fixing the arm connection elements to the models.
 23. The method of claim 22 wherein the fixing step comprises introducing an adhesive into the connection made between the arm connection elements and the models.
 24. A dental model articulator for hingedly joining a matched set of upper and lower dental models, comprising:model connection elements to allow single axis pivotable connection, each of the models adjacently incorporating a pair of said elements, each element having a pivot axis, the pivot axes of each pair being approximately coaxial and perpendicular to a sagittal plane of the model, the model connection elements each having sufficient transverse width to allow engagement thereto with an amount of lateral freedom; and a pair of arms, each arm having two functional segments joined with hinge means providing hinging motion between the segments on a hinge axis which is allowed a range of orthogonal deviation from an axis perpendicular to a major axis of the arm segments, each of the arm segments extremitally disposed with an engageable arm connection element for pivotally engaging a corresponding model connection element which forms a connexus, the arm connection elements each having sufficient transverse axial width so that any adjustment motion of the connexus is limited to radial motion about the single pivot axis and transverse motion along the single pivot axis.
 25. The articulator of claim 24 wherein the arms adjacently interconnect both of the models and wherein with the models placed at the closed and centric occlusal relationship, the arms are of sufficient length so that the segments of each arm intersect at the hinge axes at angles of approximately 40 to 170 degrees, the angles being defined within plants that are approximately sagittally parallel.
 26. The articulator of claim 25 wherein the hinge axes are collinear and together define a transverse hinge axis posterior to the models.
 27. The articulator of claim 26 wherein collectively, the four segments of the pair of interconnecting arms are handled as two pieces, each of the two pieces combining either the adjacent upper or lower pair of segments from the interconnecting arms, the segments being joined at their extremital ends with joining means so that adjacent arm connection elements are held coaxially and the arm segments are held approximately adjacently parallel, the joining means allowing an amount of independent radial motion of each connected segment about the shared axis of their joined connection elements.
 28. The articulator of claim 25 wherein the pair of interconnecting arms are manufactured as one piece, being joined at said extremital ends with torsionally resilient elements such that each adjacent pair of arm connection elements are coaxial and said joined arms are adjacent and parallel.
 29. The articulator of claim 25 wherein said lineal axis connexus formed by engaging said model connection element with a corresponding extremital arm connection element is of a rod and cylinder type wherein said model connection element represents one of said rod and cylinder and wherein said arm connection element represents the complement of said rod and cylinder.
 30. The articulator of claim 29 wherein said cylinder comprises a C-shaped channel permitting engagement of said rod into said cylinder. 